6/29/2011 2 Samuel 13-15
Yesterday Tomorrow
2 Samuel 13-15
Amnon and Tamar
Samuel 13:1 After this Absalom the son of David had a lovely sister, whose name was Tamar; and Amnon the son of David loved her. 2 Amnon was so distressed over his sister Tamar that he became sick; for she was a virgin. And it was improper for Amnon to do anything to her. 3 But Amnon had a friend whose name was Jonadab the son of Shimeah, David’s brother. Now Jonadab was a very crafty man. 4 And he said to him, “Why are you, the king’s son, becoming thinner day after day? Will you not tell me?”Amnon said to him, “I love Tamar, my brother Absalom’s sister.”
5 So Jonadab said to him, “Lie down on your bed and pretend to be ill. And when your father comes to see you, say to him, ‘Please let my sister Tamar come and give me food, and prepare the food in my sight, that I may see it and eat it from her hand.’ ” 6 Then Amnon lay down and pretended to be ill; and when the king came to see him, Amnon said to the king, “Please let Tamar my sister come and make a couple of cakes for me in my sight, that I may eat from her hand.”
7 And David sent home to Tamar, saying, “Now go to your brother Amnon’s house, and prepare food for him.” 8 So Tamar went to her brother Amnon’s house; and he was lying down. Then she took flour and kneaded it, made cakes in his sight, and baked the cakes. 9 And she took the pan and placed them out before him, but he refused to eat. Then Amnon said, “Have everyone go out from me.” And they all went out from him. 10 Then Amnon said to Tamar, “Bring the food into the bedroom, that I may eat from your hand.” And Tamar took the cakes which she had made, and brought them to Amnon her brother in the bedroom. 11 Now when she had brought them to him to eat, he took hold of her and said to her, “Come, lie with me, my sister.”
12 But she answered him, “No, my brother, do not force me, for no such thing should be done in Israel. Do not do this disgraceful thing! 13 And I, where could I take my shame? And as for you, you would be like one of the fools in Israel. Now therefore, please speak to the king; for he will not withhold me from you.” 14 However, he would not heed her voice; and being stronger than she, he forced her and lay with her.
15 Then Amnon hated her exceedingly, so that the hatred with which he hated her was greater than the love with which he had loved her. And Amnon said to her, “Arise, be gone!”
16 So she said to him, “No, indeed! This evil of sending me away is worse than the other that you did to me.”
But he would not listen to her. 17 Then he called his servant who attended him, and said, “Here! Put this woman out, away from me, and bolt the door behind her.” 18 Now she had on a robe of many colors, for the king’s virgin daughters wore such apparel. And his servant put her out and bolted the door behind her.
19 Then Tamar put ashes on her head, and tore her robe of many colors that was on her, and laid her hand on her head and went away crying bitterly. 20 And Absalom her brother said to her, “Has Amnon your brother been with you? But now hold your peace, my sister. He is your brother; do not take this thing to heart.” So Tamar remained desolate in her brother Absalom’s house.
21 But when King David heard of all these things, he was very angry. 22 And Absalom spoke to his brother Amnon neither good nor bad. For Absalom hated Amnon, because he had forced his sister Tamar.
Absalom Murders Amnon
23 And it came to pass, after two full years, that Absalom had sheepshearers in Baal Hazor, which is near Ephraim; so Absalom invited all the king’s sons. 24 Then Absalom came to the king and said, “Kindly note, your servant has sheepshearers; please, let the king and his servants go with your servant.”25 But the king said to Absalom, “No, my son, let us not all go now, lest we be a burden to you.”
Then he urged him, but he would not go; and he blessed him.
26 Then Absalom said, “If not, please let my brother Amnon go with us.”
And the king said to him, “Why should he go with you?” 27 But Absalom urged him; so he let Amnon and all the king’s sons go with him.
28 Now Absalom had commanded his servants, saying, “Watch now, when Amnon’s heart is merry with wine, and when I say to you, ‘Strike Amnon!’ then kill him. Do not be afraid. Have I not commanded you? Be courageous and valiant.” 29 So the servants of Absalom did to Amnon as Absalom had commanded. Then all the king’s sons arose, and each one got on his mule and fled.
30 And it came to pass, while they were on the way, that news came to David, saying, “Absalom has killed all the king’s sons, and not one of them is left!” 31 So the king arose and tore his garments and lay on the ground, and all his servants stood by with their clothes torn. 32 Then Jonadab the son of Shimeah, David’s brother, answered and said, “Let not my lord suppose they have killed all the young men, the king’s sons, for only Amnon is dead. For by the command of Absalom this has been determined from the day that he forced his sister Tamar. 33 Now therefore, let not my lord the king take the thing to his heart, to think that all the king’s sons are dead. For only Amnon is dead.”
Absalom Flees to Geshur
34 Then Absalom fled. And the young man who was keeping watch lifted his eyes and looked, and there, many people were coming from the road on the hillside behind him. 35 And Jonadab said to the king, “Look, the king’s sons are coming; as your servant said, so it is.” 36 So it was, as soon as he had finished speaking, that the king’s sons indeed came, and they lifted up their voice and wept. Also the king and all his servants wept very bitterly.37 But Absalom fled and went to Talmai the son of Ammihud, king of Geshur. And David mourned for his son every day. 38 So Absalom fled and went to Geshur, and was there three years. 39 And King David longed to go to Absalom. For he had been comforted concerning Amnon, because he was dead.
Absalom Returns to Jerusalem
2 Samuel 14:1 So Joab the son of Zeruiah perceived that the king’s heart was concerned about Absalom. 2 And Joab sent to Tekoa and brought from there a wise woman, and said to her, “Please pretend to be a mourner, and put on mourning apparel; do not anoint yourself with oil, but act like a woman who has been mourning a long time for the dead. 3 Go to the king and speak to him in this manner.” So Joab put the words in her mouth.4 And when the woman of Tekoa spoke to the king, she fell on her face to the ground and prostrated herself, and said, “Help, O king!”
5 Then the king said to her, “What troubles you?”
And she answered, “Indeed I am a widow, my husband is dead. 6 Now your maidservant had two sons; and the two fought with each other in the field, and there was no one to part them, but the one struck the other and killed him. 7 And now the whole family has risen up against your maidservant, and they said, ‘Deliver him who struck his brother, that we may execute him for the life of his brother whom he killed; and we will destroy the heir also.’ So they would extinguish my ember that is left, and leave to my husband neither name nor remnant on the earth.”
8 Then the king said to the woman, “Go to your house, and I will give orders concerning you.”
9 And the woman of Tekoa said to the king, “My lord, O king, let the iniquity be on me and on my father’s house, and the king and his throne be guiltless.”
10 So the king said, “Whoever says anything to you, bring him to me, and he shall not touch you anymore.”
11 Then she said, “Please let the king remember the Lord your God, and do not permit the avenger of blood to destroy anymore, lest they destroy my son.”
And he said, “As the Lord lives, not one hair of your son shall fall to the ground.”
12 Therefore the woman said, “Please, let your maidservant speak another word to my lord the king.”
And he said, “Say on.”
13 So the woman said: “Why then have you schemed such a thing against the people of God? For the king speaks this thing as one who is guilty, in that the king does not bring his banished one home again. 14 For we will surely die and become like water spilled on the ground, which cannot be gathered up again. Yet God does not take away a life; but He devises means, so that His banished ones are not expelled from Him. 15 Now therefore, I have come to speak of this thing to my lord the king because the people have made me afraid. And your maidservant said, ‘I will now speak to the king; it may be that the king will perform the request of his maidservant. 16 For the king will hear and deliver his maidservant from the hand of the man who would destroy me and my son together from the inheritance of God.’ 17 Your maidservant said, ‘The word of my lord the king will now be comforting; for as the angel of God, so is my lord the king in discerning good and evil. And may the Lord your God be with you.’ ”
18 Then the king answered and said to the woman, “Please do not hide from me anything that I ask you.”
And the woman said, “Please, let my lord the king speak.”
19 So the king said, “Is the hand of Joab with you in all this?” And the woman answered and said, “As you live, my lord the king, no one can turn to the right hand or to the left from anything that my lord the king has spoken. For your servant Joab commanded me, and he put all these words in the mouth of your maidservant. 20 To bring about this change of affairs your servant Joab has done this thing; but my lord is wise, according to the wisdom of the angel of God, to know everything that is in the earth.”
21 And the king said to Joab, “All right, I have granted this thing. Go therefore, bring back the young man Absalom.”
22 Then Joab fell to the ground on his face and bowed himself, and thanked the king. And Joab said, “Today your servant knows that I have found favor in your sight, my lord, O king, in that the king has fulfilled the request of his servant.” 23 So Joab arose and went to Geshur, and brought Absalom to Jerusalem. 24 And the king said, “Let him return to his own house, but do not let him see my face.” So Absalom returned to his own house, but did not see the king’s face.
David Forgives Absalom
25 Now in all Israel there was no one who was praised as much as Absalom for his good looks. From the sole of his foot to the crown of his head there was no blemish in him. 26 And when he cut the hair of his head—at the end of every year he cut it because it was heavy on him—when he cut it, he weighed the hair of his head at two hundred shekels according to the king’s standard. 27 To Absalom were born three sons, and one daughter whose name was Tamar. She was a woman of beautiful appearance.28 And Absalom dwelt two full years in Jerusalem, but did not see the king’s face. 29 Therefore Absalom sent for Joab, to send him to the king, but he would not come to him. And when he sent again the second time, he would not come. 30 So he said to his servants, “See, Joab’s field is near mine, and he has barley there; go and set it on fire.” And Absalom’s servants set the field on fire.
31 Then Joab arose and came to Absalom’s house, and said to him, “Why have your servants set my field on fire?”
32 And Absalom answered Joab, “Look, I sent to you, saying, ‘Come here, so that I may send you to the king, to say, “Why have I come from Geshur? It would be better for me to be there still.” ’ Now therefore, let me see the king’s face; but if there is iniquity in me, let him execute me.”
33 So Joab went to the king and told him. And when he had called for Absalom, he came to the king and bowed himself on his face to the ground before the king. Then the king kissed Absalom.
Absalom’s Treason
2 Samuel 15:1 After this it happened that Absalom provided himself with chariots and horses, and fifty men to run before him. 2 Now Absalom would rise early and stand beside the way to the gate. So it was, whenever anyone who had a lawsuit came to the king for a decision, that Absalom would call to him and say, “What city are you from?” And he would say, “Your servant is from such and such a tribe of Israel.” 3 Then Absalom would say to him, “Look, your case is good and right; but there is no deputy of the king to hear you.” 4 Moreover Absalom would say, “Oh, that I were made judge in the land, and everyone who has any suit or cause would come to me; then I would give him justice.” 5 And so it was, whenever anyone came near to bow down to him, that he would put out his hand and take him and kiss him. 6 In this manner Absalom acted toward all Israel who came to the king for judgment. So Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel.7 Now it came to pass after forty years that Absalom said to the king, “Please, let me go to Hebron and pay the vow which I made to the Lord. 8 For your servant took a vow while I dwelt at Geshur in Syria, saying, ‘If the Lord indeed brings me back to Jerusalem, then I will serve the Lord.’ ”
9 And the king said to him, “Go in peace.” So he arose and went to Hebron.
10 Then Absalom sent spies throughout all the tribes of Israel, saying, “As soon as you hear the sound of the trumpet, then you shall say, ‘Absalom reigns in Hebron!’ ” 11 And with Absalom went two hundred men invited from Jerusalem, and they went along innocently and did not know anything. 12 Then Absalom sent for Ahithophel the Gilonite, David’s counselor, from his city—from Giloh—while he offered sacrifices. And the conspiracy grew strong, for the people with Absalom continually increased in number.
David Escapes from Jerusalem
13 Now a messenger came to David, saying, “The hearts of the men of Israel are with Absalom.”14 So David said to all his servants who were with him at Jerusalem, “Arise, and let us flee, or we shall not escape from Absalom. Make haste to depart, lest he overtake us suddenly and bring disaster upon us, and strike the city with the edge of the sword.”
15 And the king’s servants said to the king, “We are your servants, ready to do whatever my lord the king commands.” 16 Then the king went out with all his household after him. But the king left ten women, concubines, to keep the house. 17 And the king went out with all the people after him, and stopped at the outskirts. 18 Then all his servants passed before him; and all the Cherethites, all the Pelethites, and all the Gittites, six hundred men who had followed him from Gath, passed before the king.
19 Then the king said to Ittai the Gittite, “Why are you also going with us? Return and remain with the king. For you are a foreigner and also an exile from your own place. 20 In fact, you came only yesterday. Should I make you wander up and down with us today, since I go I know not where? Return, and take your brethren back. Mercy and truth be with you.”
21 But Ittai answered the king and said, “As the Lord lives, and as my lord the king lives, surely in whatever place my lord the king shall be, whether in death or life, even there also your servant will be.”
22 So David said to Ittai, “Go, and cross over.” Then Ittai the Gittite and all his men and all the little ones who were with him crossed over. 23 And all the country wept with a loud voice, and all the people crossed over. The king himself also crossed over the Brook Kidron, and all the people crossed over toward the way of the wilderness.
24 There was Zadok also, and all the Levites with him, bearing the ark of the covenant of God. And they set down the ark of God, and Abiathar went up until all the people had finished crossing over from the city. 25 Then the king said to Zadok, “Carry the ark of God back into the city. If I find favor in the eyes of the Lord, He will bring me back and show me both it and His dwelling place. 26 But if He says thus: ‘I have no delight in you,’ here I am, let Him do to me as seems good to Him.” 27 The king also said to Zadok the priest, “Are you not a seer? Return to the city in peace, and your two sons with you, Ahimaaz your son, and Jonathan the son of Abiathar. 28 See, I will wait in the plains of the wilderness until word comes from you to inform me.” 29 Therefore Zadok and Abiathar carried the ark of God back to Jerusalem. And they remained there.
30 So David went up by the Ascent of the Mount of Olives, and wept as he went up; and he had his head covered and went barefoot. And all the people who were with him covered their heads and went up, weeping as they went up. 31 Then someone told David, saying, “Ahithophel is among the conspirators with Absalom.” And David said, “O Lord, I pray, turn the counsel of Ahithophel into foolishness!”
32 Now it happened when David had come to the top of the mountain, where he worshiped God—there was Hushai the Archite coming to meet him with his robe torn and dust on his head. 33 David said to him, “If you go on with me, then you will become a burden to me. 34 But if you return to the city, and say to Absalom, ‘I will be your servant, O king; as I was your father’s servant previously, so I will now also be your servant,’ then you may defeat the counsel of Ahithophel for me. 35 And do you not have Zadok and Abiathar the priests with you there? Therefore it will be that whatever you hear from the king’s house, you shall tell to Zadok and Abiathar the priests. 36 Indeed they have there with them their two sons, Ahimaaz, Zadok’s son, and Jonathan, Abiathar’s son; and by them you shall send me everything you hear.”
37 So Hushai, David’s friend, went into the city. And Absalom came into Jerusalem.
Devotionals, notes,
poetry and more
by Bill Federer
“I would rather be right than President,” was the famous phrase uttered by Henry Clay, who died this day, June 29, 1852. Elected Speaker of the House six times, he served in Congress over 40 years with Daniel Webster and John Calhoun. Struggling to hold the Union together prior to the Civil War, Henry Clay stated: “Eighteen hundred years have rolled away since the Son of God… offered Himself… for the salvation of our species…. When we shall… be translated from this into another form of existence… we shall behold the common Father of the whites and blacks, the great Ruler of the Universe.”
Federer, B. (2003). American minute. St. Louis, MO.: Amerisearch, Inc.
by whoever
God is the tangential point
between zero and infinity.
--- Alfred Jarry, Gestes et Opinions du Docteur Faustroll Pataphysicien, 1911
... from here, there and everywhere
by D.H. Stern
9 Who can say, “I have made my heart clean,
I am cleansed from my sin”?
10 False weights and false measures—
ADONAI detests them both.
Stern, D. H. (1998). Complete Jewish Bible-OE
: An English version of the Tanakh (OT) and
B'rit Hadashah (NT) (1st ed.). Clarksville, Md.: Jewish
New Testament Publications.
A Daily Devotional by Oswald Chambers
Direction of discipline
And if thy right hand offend thee cut it off and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell. --- Matthew 5:30.
Jesus did not say that everyone must cut off the right hand, but—‘If your right hand offends you in your walk with Me, cut it off.’ There are many things that are perfectly legitimate, but if you are going to concentrate on God you cannot do them. Your right hand is one of the best things you have, but Jesus says if it hinders you in following His precepts, cut it off. This line of discipline is the sternest one that ever struck mankind.
When God alters a man by regeneration, the characteristic of the life to begin with is that it is maimed. There are a hundred and one things you dare not do, things that to you and in the eyes of the world that knows you are as your right hand and your eye, and the unspiritual person says—‘Whatever is wrong in that? How absurd you are!’ There never has been a saint yet who did not have to live a maimed life to start with. But it is better to enter into life maimed and lovely in God’s sight than to be lovely in man’s sight and lame in God’s. In the beginning Jesus Christ by His Spirit has to check you from doing a great many things that may be perfectly right for everyone else but not right for you. See that you do not use your limitations to criticize someone else.
It is a maimed life to begin with, but in v. 48 Jesus gives the picture of a perfectly full-orbed life—“Ye shall be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.
Chambers, O. (1993). My Utmost for His Highest
the Poetry of R.S. Thomas
A bird not of this
planet;serpents earlier
than their venom;plants
reduplicating the moon's
paleness. An anonymous
minstrel, threatening us
from under macabre
boughs with the innocence
of his music. The dark
listens to him and withholds
till to-morrow the boneless
progeny to be brought to birth
R.S. Thomas.
D’RASH
“Dear God, we love our daughter so. Don’t let her die. Please find us a kidney transplant to replace her diseased organ.” This sincere prayer is offered by the parents of a teenager who is dying of kidney disease. Their daughter can and will live if—and this is a big if—she receives a kidney transplant soon. What more heartfelt supplication can there be than a parent’s for a child? If this scenario is to transpire, if their daughter is to receive a donor kidney, a person must die elsewhere. Are these people aware of this fact? Sensitive to this reality? One would hope so. One would hope that these parents are not saying, “Dear God, please let a teenage girl be killed in a car accident, but Lord, make sure that her kidneys stay intact.” Yet they know, as do we, that the only way for their daughter to gain life is for another to lose life. In this case, it’s really the converse of: “You don’t have trouble for one person that doesn’t bring gain for others”—“You don’t have a boon for one person without a misfortune for another.”
Is it wrong for this girl’s parents to pray for their daughter? As parents, we give life to our children, and our most fervent desire is that our children live. A prayer on behalf of our child is understandable. What would be wrong is to offer a prayer against another’s child.
If and when a kidney becomes available, the parents could offer another equally sincere prayer: “Dear God, we know that what has been misfortune for another family has brought good fortune to ours. Send comfort to the bereaved family; grant them strength and courage in the days ahead. Just as this kidney will cleanse the impurities in our daughter’s body, so may the gift of this organ cleanse all selfishness from our hearts.”
/ANOTHER D’RASH
One of Mark Twain’s lesser-known gems is a short piece called “The War Prayer.” It tells the tale of a country wrapped up in a patriotic war. On the Sunday before the troops marched off to battle, the people of a small town gathered in a church. The preacher gave an emotional sermon and prayed to God for a great victory for flag and country.
Suddenly, an aged stranger with the look of a biblical prophet arose from the congregation and ascended to the pulpit. Claiming to have been sent by God Almighty, the stranger told the stunned congregation that the Lord had heard their prayer for victory and was prepared to grant their request—once they understood exactly what it was that they had asked for.
“If you would beseech a blessing upon yourself, beware! lest without intent you invoke a curse upon your neighbor at the same time. If you pray for a blessing of rain upon your crop which needs it, by that act you are possibly praying for a curse upon some neighbor’s crop which may not need rain, and can be injured by it.”
The stranger then told the congregation that what they prayed was “Make us victorious,” but what they had really asked for was much more explicit: kill their soldiers, make their wives widows, and their children orphans; burn their people out of house and home, make them flee their ravaged land, wandering barefoot and in rags; let them die miserable deaths of hunger and disease. The prophet then asked the worshipers if this indeed was what they wanted God to do. God, he told them, would be waiting for their answer.
The story ends on a stunning note: “It was believed afterward that the man was a lunatic, because there was no sense in what he said.”
Life can be cruel when the only way to save one child is with an organ that has to come from the body of another child, who has died in a car crash. People can be cruel when, like the congregation in “The War Prayer,” they cavalierly ask for things for themselves, without giving a thought to the suffering that they would bring upon others.
Katz, M., & Schwartz, G. Searching for Meaning in Midrash: Lessons for Everyday Living
by Diana Wallis
O daughter, consider and give ear:… The king is enthralled by your beauty; honor him, for he is your lord. --- Psalm 45:10–11
This psalm is called the song of loves, the most pure and spiritual loves, namely, those that are between Christ and his church. (George Whitefield, “Christ the Best Husband: Or an Earnest Invitation to Young Women to Come and See Christ, ” preached to a Society of Young Women in Fetter-Lane. Sermon 5, downloaded from Christian Classics Ethereal Library of Calvin College, ccel.org/w/whitefield/sermons.)
If you are married to Christ, you know and speak with him. You will endeavor to promote his interest and advance his name in the world. Surely this is the only desirable marriage, and the Lord Jesus Christ is the only lover who is worth seeking after.
Do you desire one who is great? He is the glory of heaven, admired by angels, dreaded by devils, and adored by saints. For you to be married to so great a king—what honor will you have by this marriage?
Do you desire one who is rich? The fullness of the earth belongs to Christ. You will share in his riches, and you will hereafter be admitted to glory and will live with this Jesus to all eternity.
Do you desire one who is wise? There is none comparable to Christ for wisdom. His knowledge is infinite, and his wisdom is correspondent to it. And if you are married to Christ, he will guide and counsel you.
Do you desire one who is potent, who may defend you against your enemies and all the insults and reproaches of the Pharisees of this generation? There is none who can equal Christ in power, for the Lord Jesus Christ has all power.
Do you desire one who is good? There is none like Christ. Others may have some goodness, but it is imperfect; Christ is full of goodness and in him dwells no evil.
Do you desire one who is beautiful? Christ is the most lovely person of all others in the world.
Do you desire one who can love you? None can love you like Christ.
For you who are married to him, he underwent death on the cross; can you hear this and not be concerned to think that the blessed Jesus underwent this for such sinful creatures as you and I? Surely, then, none is so deserving as the Lord Jesus Christ for you to engage yourselves to; if you are married to Christ he is yours, all that he is, all that he has; you will have his heart and share in the choicest expressions of his love.
The Lord Jesus Christ implores you to be his spouse. We ministers have a commission to invite you, in his name, to this very thing.
--- George Whitefield
Wallis, D. (2001). Take Heart: Daily Devotions with the Church's Great Preachers
W. W. Wiersbe
Little is known about Nahum except that he came from the town of Elkosh (whose location we can’t identify with certainty) and that he was a prophet of God who announced the fall of Nineveh, capital city of the Assyrian empire. He mentions the capture of the Egyptian city of Thebes, which occurred in 663 B.C., and he predicted the fall of Nineveh, which took place in 612 B.C.; so these dates place him in Judah during the reigns of Manasseh (695–642) and Josiah (640–609). His contemporaries would have been Jeremiah, Zephaniah, and Habakkuk.
His name means “comfort” or “compassion,” and his message of Assyrian’s doom would certainly have comforted the people of Judah, who had suffered because of Assyria. The Assyrians had taken the Northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 and dispersed the people, and then they tried to take Judah in the days of Hezekiah (701), but they were defeated by the angel of the Lord (Isa. 37). Assyria was always looming over the tiny kingdom of Judah, and having these ruthless people out of the way would have greatly bettered Judah’s situation.
Jonah had annouced Nineveh’s doom over a century before, but God had relented because the people had repented. The Lord was certainly long-suffering to spare the city that long, especially since the Assyrians had returned to their evil ways. While Nahum’s message was directed especially to the Assyrians, he was careful to encourage the people of Judah as well.
A Suggested Outline of the Book of Nahum
Key theme: The vengeance of God on His enemies
Key verses: Nahum 1:2, 7
I. God is jealous: Nineveh will fall—1:1–15
1. God declares His anger — 1:1–8
2. God speaks to Nineveh — 1:9–11, 14
3. God encourages Judah — 1:12–13, 15
II. God is judge: How Nineveh will fall—2:1–13
1. The invaders appear and advance — 2:1–4
2. The city is captured — 2:5–10
3. The conquerors taunt their captives — 2:11–13
III. God is just: Why Nineveh will fall—3:1–19
1. Her ruthless bloodshed — 3:1–3
2. Her idolatry — 3:4–7
3. Her pride and self-confidence — 3:8–19
W. W. Wiersbe, (1996) Be Amazed (Minor Prophets): Restoring an Attitude of Wonder and Worship (The BE Series Commentary)
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